Climates

Equatorial climate:

These regions include, the Amazon Basin (South America), the Congo Basin (Africa), Malaysia, Indonesia and some areas in northern Australia.

Regions with this climate experience high temperatures all year round. The average monthly temperatures are about 26 – 28 °C. The annual temperature range is very small, may be as low as 3 °C.

Humidity is usually very high. Another major characteristic of this climate is the high rainfall. These regions usually experience 2000 mm of rainfall in a year. These forests have very dense vegetation. Many different types of trees and other plants can be found growing in a relatively small area of rainforest. According to Koppen’s Classification, Equatorial is a tropical moist climate

Tropical Continental (Savannah):

Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa , Asia and northern South America. The climate is also prevalent in sections of Central America, northern Australia and southern North America, specifically in sections of Mexico.

Temperatures are high during the hot season, up to 32 °C. During the coolest months, temperatures can drop to 21 °C. Annual range of temperature is moderate, about 11 °C.

Rainfalls are moderate. There are three seasons: a rainy season, a cool and dry season, and a hot season. This climate is characterized by tall grass growing over the land. According to the Koppen’s Classification, it is a dry climate.

The monsoon climate:

The monsoon climate is found along the coastal regions of southwest India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mynmar, Southwest Africa, French Guiana, and northeast Brazil. The temperatures remain high all year in the monsoon, climate. The average annual temperature is 27.05 oC but only has an annual temperature range of 3.6 oC.

The tropical monsoon climate experiences abundant rainfall, but it is concentrated in the high-sun seasons and warm temperatures throughout the year. The major controlling factor over the monsoon climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. For the Koppen’s Classification, this climate is a tropical moist climate. 

Hot desert:

Hot desert include the Saudi Arabia, large parts of Iran and Iraq, northwest India, California, South Africa and much of Australia. Hot and Dry Deserts temperature ranges from 20 to 25° C. The extreme maximum temperature for Hot Desert ranges from 43.5 to 49° C.

The precipitation in Hot Deserts usually have very little rainfall and concentrated rainfall in short periods between long rainless periods. This averages out to under 15 cm a year. Hot Deserts are warm throughout the fall and spring seasons and very hot during the summer. the winters usually have very little if any rainfall. 

An area that features this climate usually experiences from 25 to 200 mm (7.87 inches) per year of precipitation. Cold desert climates can feature hot (sometimes exceptionally hot) and dry summers, though summers typically are not quite as hot as summers in hot desert climates. According to the Koppen’s Classification, it is a dry climate.

Tundra:

Arctic tundra is located in the northern hemisphere, encircling the north pole and extending south to the coniferous forests of the taiga. The arctic is known for its cold, desert-like conditions. The growing season ranges from 50 to 60 days. The average winter temperature is -34° C, but the average summer temperature is 3-12° C which enables this biome to sustain life.

Rainfall may vary in different regions of the arctic. Yearly precipitation, including melting snow, is 15 to 25 cm. Soil is formed slowly. A layer of permanently frozen subsoil called permafrost.

There are about 1,700 kinds of plants in the arctic and subartic All of the plants are adapted to sweeping winds and disturbances of the soil. Plants are short and group together to resist the cold temperatures. Animals are adapted to handle long, cold winters and to breed and raise young quickly in the summer.  The Koppen’s Classification ranks Tundra as a polar climate. 

Cold desert:

Antarctica, a cold desert biome, is located at the southern pole. Antarctica only have two seasons: summer and winter. The average temperatures in winter are between -94 and -40 degrees Fahrenheit and between -31 and -5 degrees Fahrenheit in summer. As Antarctica is a cold desert biome, it does not get much precipitation.

It is important to note that the organisms of this region of the world as well as this biome are mostly, if not completely ocean life because there is no way for sufficient primary producers to exist in the terrain. The secondary and sometimes tertiary consumers and predators can habitat the land, though they usually resort to the waters to hunt for food. Taking into account the Koppen’s Classification, this climate is a polar climate.